Empathy, Fear of Disease and Support for COVID-19 Containment Behaviors: Evidence from 34 Countries on the Moderating Role of Governmental Trust (preprint)

The current study investigated the motives that underlie support for COVID-19 preventive behaviorsin a large, cross-cultural sample of 12,758 individuals from 34 countries. We hypothesized that the associations of empathic prosocial concern and fear of disease, with support towards preventive COVID-19 behaviors would be moderated by the individual-level and country-level trust in the government. Results suggest that the association between fear of disease and support for COVID-19 preventive behaviors was strongest when trust in the government was weak (both at individual and country-level). Conversely, the association with empathic prosocial concern was strongest when trust was high, but this moderation was only found at individual-level scores of governmental trust. We discuss how both fear and empathy motivations to support preventive COVID-19 behaviors may be shaped by socio-cultural context, and outline how the present findings may contribute to a better understanding of collective action during global crises.

Use of Anti-Mononuclear Antibodies as Therapy for Covid-19

Iphsj-22-12747(R);Published: 09-Jun-2022, DOI: 10.36648/1791809X.16.S7.948 Introduction The disease caused by a B-coronavirus, an RNA virus, had its beginnings in 2019 in Wuhan - China where a series of cases of pneumonia caused by this agent were identified, currently six serotypes that produce diseases in humans are known., four of these are prevalent and cause typical cold symptoms, the remaining two are responsible for the appearance of severe acute respiratory syndrome SarsCoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS-CoV;After nucleic acid sequencing of lower respiratory tract epithelial cells from 4 patients with confirmed pneumonia of unknown cause by real-time reverse transcription PCR at Beijing Hospital, a novel 2019-nCoV beta coronavirus was found, which was then was called SARS-CoV-2, also giving as a result that this new virus has information from the subgenus Sarbecovirus, of the Orthocoronavirinae family, which makes it different from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, however according to various reports it was identified that the genome of SARS-Co V-2, is between 75% and 80% identical to SARS-CoV and therefore its name, SARS-CoV-2 belongs to this genus of coronavirus and its genome consists of a single-stranded RNA 29 kb in length. The last protein is present inside the virion and is associated with the viral RNA, and the other 3 proteins are associated with the external structure of the virus, this disease causing the current pandemic of global importance is characterized by affinity to the respiratory system has characteristics important as the production of increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and a decrease in the response of T cells, which is directly related to inflammation and severe lung damage that occurs in patients infected with SarsCoV2, also highlighting the onset of given symptoms from 5 days, the incubation period of approximately 14 days and the high transmission capacity of the virus given by various mechanisms such as droplet transmission (given when the infected person coughs or sneezes and these droplets released by this mechanism are inhaled by the people nearby), by contact (when an individual has direct contact with contaminated surfaces). inhaled and then passes these through the eyes and mouth) and by aerosols (this occurs when the respiratory droplets of the infected are in contact with the environment in places with little ventilation or closed that when inhaled cause infection), in addition From this, manifestations and alterations have been found in the gastrointestinal area, since enterocytes with high expression of ACE II receptors have been found in this area, which is why fecal transmission is also described in a smaller proportion and less frequently (1). Some monoclonal antibodies are currently used to treat COVID-19, standing out in this group itolizumab and tocilizumab, the group's mechanism of action is based on the fact that monoclonal antibodies bind to target molecules, which can be surface membrane receptors, proteins associated with enzymatic systems or circulating proteins, which produces direct or indirect effects on tissue function, where virus neutralization occurs when a sufficient number of epitopes (antigenic determinant is the portion of a macromolecule that is recognized by the immune system, specifically the sequence to which antibodies bind, B cell receptors or T cell receptors.) on the surface of the virus are occupied by antibodies. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome;Viral pneumonia;Coronavirus infections;Antibodies;Cytokines;lymphocytes;Vaccines;COVID-19 treatment and or. [...]including all the documents that will deal with the use of anti-mononuclear antibodies as a therapy for Covid-19, the data found was between 16-28 records, thus using 22 articles for the preparation of this document.

Evidence of Exhausted Lymphocytes after the Third anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Dose in Cancer Patients (preprint)

Evidence is scant regarding the long-term humoral and cellular responses triggered by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mRNA vaccines in cancer patients after repeated booster doses. The possibility of T-cell exhaustion following these booster doses in this population has not yet been fully studied and remains uncertain. In this observational study, we explored the specific humoral and cellular response to S1 antigen in 36 patients with solid malignancies at baseline, and after the second and third doses of the mRNA-1273 vaccine. A dual behavior was observed: 24 (66.7%) patients showed partial specific IFN-γ response after the second dose that was further enhanced after the third dose; and 11 (30.5%) already showed an optimal response after the second dose and experienced a marked fall-off of specific IFN-γ production after the third (4 patients negativization), which might suggest T cell exhaustion due to repetitive priming to the same antigen. One (2.8%) patient had persistently negative responses after all three doses. Seroconversion occurred in all patients after the second dose. We then studied circulating exhausted CD8 + T-cells in 4 patients from each of the two response patterns, those with increase and those with decrease in cellular response after the third booster. The patients with decreased cellular response after the booster had a higher expression of CD57hiPD1hiCD8+ and CD57intPD1hiCD8+ exhausted T cells compared with those with an increased cellular response both in vivo and in vitro. Our preliminary data show that the two-dose SARS-CoV-2 vaccine regimen was beneficial in all cancer patients. An additional booster seems to be beneficial in non-optimal cancer responders to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, in contrast to maximal responders that might develop exhaustion. Our data should be interpreted with caution given the small sample size and highlight the urgent need to validate our results in other independent and larger cohorts. Altogether, our data support the relevance of immunological functional studies to personalize preventive and treatment decisions in cancer patients.

Specific Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses to the Neoantigen S1 of SARS-CoV-2 in Patients with Primary and Secondary Immunodeficiency (preprint)

Patients with antibody deficiency disorders, such as common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), or secondary immunodeficiency (SIDs) to B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder (B-CLPD), are two vulnerable groups of developing severe or chronic form of coronavirus disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Data on adaptive immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 is well described in healthy donors, but still limited in patients with antibody deficiency of different cause. Herein, we analyzed Spike-specific IFN-γ and anti-Spike IgG antibody responses at 3 and 6 months after exposure to SARS-CoV-2 derived from vaccination and infection in two cohorts of immunodeficient patients (CVID vs. SID) compared to healthy controls (HC). Baseline cellular responses before vaccine administration were measured in 10 CVID patients. Adequate specific cellular responses was observed in 18 out of 20 (90%) CVID patients, in 14 out of 20 (70%) out of 20 SID patients and in 74 out of 81 (96%) HC. Specific IFN-γ response was significantly higher in HC respect to CVID (1,908.5 mUI/ml versus 1,694.1 mUI/ml; p = 0.005). Pre-vaccine anti-SARS-CoV-2 cellular responses were detectable in 4 out of 10 CVID patients, who had COVID-19 prior to vaccination, noticing an increase in cellular responses after vaccination (p < 0.001). Whereas all SID and HC mounted a specific humoral immune response, only 80% of CVID patients showed positive anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG. The titer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG was significantly lower in SID compared with HC (p = 0.040), without significant differences between CVID and HC (p = 0.123) and between CVID and SID (p = 0.683). High proportions of CVID and SID patients showed adequate specific cellular responses to S1 neoantigen, with divergence between cellular and humoral immune responses in CVID and SID patients. Our data might support the relevance of these immunological studies to determine the correlate of protection to severe disease and for deciding the need of additional boosters. Follow-up studies are required to evaluate the duration and variability of the immune response to COVID-19 vaccination or infection.